FAI - EMERGING TECHNOLOGY AND YOUTH MINISTRY

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY AND YOUTH MINISTRY
Funsho Olamigoke
Families ALIVE International
Phone: +234 803 705 4877. EMAIL: funsho@familiesalive.net
Web: www.familiesalive.net

Obsolescence of Technology. In gone old days, Nigeria was known as the “technological” dumping ground of other nations of the world, even of other third world countries. Any product that came in, be it Automobiles, Electronics gadgets, Household items, even NEWS were not just late but surely obsolete on arrival. I am sure you are all familiar with this trend so, I will not dwell too long on that. However, let me share with you some of my personal experiences on that subject. I worked for an Automobile Firm once. This Firm produced the world’s success and the WORLD SUCCESS was indeed a small car with a 1.3l, 1.4l, and max. 1.5l engine depending on the version, especially in consideration of whether an Airconditioner was fitted or not.
It was loved in Nigeria, unfortunately not for its engineering which honestly was superb, but for its take-off and running speeds. Unknown to Nigerian users, the car had in it a 1.7l (so was its follow-up) which in Europe was criminal for its small body. The ONLY reason was the Parent Company had this engine lot which had become obsolete and did not meet legal requirements for any of their own cars, and without baiting an eye-lid, shipped them to Lagos.

There was also another model loved by Nigerians which abruptly changed version and color. The real reason was it had a defective body and Nigeria was about the only country that would gladly accept without asking questions. So, it came AND indeed, with an upward adjustment in price. Generally speaking, any car model that came into our market was actually ALREADY out of the market elsewhere. Thank God, all of that is gone. Indeed, there’s hardly any new car out there today that you don’t find in Nigeria within the first week or two. Times have changed.

TIMES HAVE CHANGED We woke up one morning and our otherwise unimaginable huge world thinned out before our own very eyes. Like a bang, the Internet, in particular, arrived town and for the first time in our technological life, OVEN FRESH. The only limitations we had then were self-imposed and as a result of our terrible state of telecommunication infrastructures. It was so good the Clinton administration had Vice President Al Gore added to his portfolio the job to see countries of the world hook onto the Internet and went ahead to offer help. When my interest group built its first Cyber café in Yaba way back in ’97, adults paid N5000 to register and paid N500 for an hour of usage. Students paid less and you had to be a member to be allowed in anyway. You completed a form and before you got our nod, your supplied details had been checked. Today, anyone can walk in, pay as little as N100 for an hour, N60 for half an hour and N40 for 20 Minutes. Like Bill Gates once said: you ain’t seen nothing yet.

We woke up one morning and our otherwise unimaginable huge world thinned out before our own very eyes. So, today's world is fast becoming an advanced technological society. From cellular phones to Palm Pilots, from the Internet to online education and shopping, today's society has become engrossed in technology. In fact, this paper, written on a laptop computer in between other assignments will soon be available on-line for anyone in the world to view at www.familiesalive.net. However, the very obvious concern of the Christian community, especially over the inevitable dangers of the Internet on our youth remains VALID.

What are the dangers and how do we live with them? Can we live with them? Furthermore, if there is a need and a way, are there any dangers that should cause a youth minister to be wary? These are questions this work tries to answer.

It is assumed that the church must use developing technologies if it wishes to be able to reach today's technological society. It is further assumed that the implementation of these technologies is possibly more important in youth ministry than with any other ministry of the church. This paper also assumes that most youth ministries are not making use of the newest technology that is available to them.

In a recent survey, conducted by Group magazine at their annual youth ministry convention, respondents indicated that the second most important item in the future of youth ministry would be "technology as a ministry tool." (The number three response was "Music and multimedia presentations.") A youth minister needs only look at his own youth group and see the numerous cell phones, pagers, and e-mail addresses to know that there is a vital need to incorporate technology into youth ministry. The reason and the need is obvious. There is ABSOLUTELY nothing wrong with “this” technology for as long as the content it drives is pure. As a matter of fact, at Families ALIVE International, the belief is that anyone, or group, and indeed a Ministry that doesn’t get on the train will soon find out how cold it is out there.

The Minister involved with Youths would be doing the youth and his Ministry (actually God) a world of good migrating from "chalk talks" to Interactive CD-ROM (ICDs).

The possibilities of ICD usage are limitless. For instance, imagine the Sunday brochure that is handed out to first time visitors and new members. While some churches and Ministries may have well designed and good-looking brochures that are aesthetically appealing, how many of these can actually speak to you? And how many brochures could have video clips of a Wednesday night praise service or the last Youth Fellowship? These are some of the advantages of ICD technology. It would amaze you to know that churches, especially in the West now hand out ICDs to their visitors and new members. These ICDs help communicate the purposes, programs, and ministries of the church. This concept can be applied to any youth ministry. ICDs allow one to interact with the message by selecting various parts of it, hyper-linking to the church’s web site, listening to selections from the youth praise band, and possibly even previewing the literature that is used for Bible study classes or small groups.

Youth Ministry Software
While interactive CD-ROMs are great for the youth, there are also ones out there that are specifically for the youth Minister. How is a busy youth minister supposed to keep track of his overwhelming tasks, keeping addresses, phone numbers, birthdays, fundraising accounts, school activities and more without driving his staff crazy? The answer is to use database software that is specifically designed for youth ministry.

The Internet When anyone mentions "technology" or "computers" one of the first terms or use that comes to mind is the Internet, and with today's youth and youth ministry this is no exception. Since we tow the way of the West, and indeed, with the trend of things, soon, we are going to be relying primarily or exclusively upon the Internet for our religious input

We only must ask ourselves what benefits and dangers exist in using the Internet in our ministry situations and in our families.

An Exciting Technology

The internet is a cultural force that is changing the way we live and communicate, but many people don't understand it. The Internet could be a great tool for Christians to use to the glory of God while at the same time employing discernment to be wise in our use of a most exciting technology.

Christian Resources
Surf round the Internet today and you’ll find out that never before has it been so easy to access so many Christian ministries and their materials. You can reach unlimited number of people in the world with internet access, without printing your messages or incurring mailing costs.

The internet also provides almost instantaneous electronic mail, or e-mail, which allows people to communicate so quickly, easily, and cheaply that e-mails now outnumber physical mail aptly nicknamed "snail mail." Instead, those who can type find that it's a lot faster to zip off a letter at a keyboard, type in an e-mail address, hit the "send" button, and bam! Your letter is in the other person's mailbox waiting for them to log on and read it. Delivery is in a matter of seconds, irrespective of geographic location of the recipient. That’s besides the fact you can send same to multiple addresses all at one CLICK.

The Internet is one of the most exciting developments that the world has ever seen. Many Christians are both fearful and ignorant of it, though we don't have to be. Like any other kind of technology, the Internet is morally neutral. It's how we use it or abuse it that makes the difference.

For missionaries and mission organizations, the Internet has become a huge blessing. Radio and satellite links give missionaries in even the most remote outposts access to instant, inexpensive, reliable communication with their organizations and families via e-mail. The Internet has shrunk the world, and missionaries no longer have to feel so isolated. One missionary in the former Soviet Union once said via e-mail that she was very grateful for almost instant access to loved ones as well as mature, wise believers who can encourage and guide her as she deals with the challenges of missions work. But the best thing, she said, was that she can ask people to pray specifically and immediately for needs and problems, and start seeing answers within hours instead of weeks or months. A missionary battling discouragement, homesickness and weakness, not to mention the intensity of spiritual warfare, can summon real-time prayer assistance from the other side of the world and experience very real support and a sense of being truly connected to the larger Body of Christ.

Whether a parent is saying goodbye to a child headed for school overseas, a foreign job, Youth Service, or even to college in another part of the country, the Internet has made it easier to separate knowing they can stay in close contact with their loved ones, in a world that has grown considerably smaller as the Internet has grown larger.

Other Great Tools
Other great tools of the Internet include Teleconferencing, Video Conferencing, Telemedicine, Internet Broadcast, and so on.

The Dangers
In the word of Dr George Carey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, there are dangers in Internet use. We try to look at some of these here.

Drugs on the Internet
Here, we look at the prevalence of drug-related activities on the Internet, and the threat it poses to adolescents and young adults. We have a choice to believe this is peculiar to the West but that would be out of ignorance and unfortunate. Our young people, especially in the major cities of Nigeria have gone explosive and in the way of the West.

After some 30 years of misrule in Nigeria, common to continental Africa, we saw the neglect of family values, painfully for mere existence or survival, not necessarily for any level of luxury. The breakdown of the family and countless other by-products of a relativistic culture led to child abuse, child labour, teen violence, substance abuse, and sexual explosiveness. At least in Lagos today, there are reports of children on the streets doing real hard drugs while recently kid-hawkers are said to have picked up the new habit of glue sniffing and cello tape chewing. These kids come from some homes and each belongs to a family. They become
hard adults and the society becomes the worse for it as their activities promote violence, and unfortunately, the spread of STI / HIV / AIDS, and other diseases.

Adolescents and young adults are the largest segment of our population with Internet usage. In America, approximately 30 million children in the United States under 18 currently use the Internet, and more than 40 million are expected to be online by 2005. Unfortunately, we have no empirical study in Nigeria to reel out such figures, but a quick tour of our Cyber Cafes would show that we are not far relatively from the US experience. Because of the large number of adolescents and young adults who have access to the Internet, the threat posed by drug-related activity occurring on the Internet is quite serious. he large number of young people accessing the Internet has encouraged illegitimate entrepreneurs--including drug offenders to market and sell their products to young people through this powerful medium.

Drug-related activity is widespread on the Internet, and even the novice user has easy access to all the information needed to produce, cultivate, purchase, sell, or use any illegal drug, even relatively obscure ones. Many of the users participating in these drug-related activities are adolescents and young adults.

Prevalence of Drug-Related Information on the Internet
The facilitation of drug use appears to be the most common drug-related activity on the Internet, and sites that facilitate drug use often are directed toward the younger audience. Many Internet sites and fora also promote the production and sale of illicit drugs.

Use. Information about drug use is readily available on the Internet. Adolescents and young adults who are curious about a particular drug may research it on the Internet and thereby become exposed to thousands of sites that expound upon the positive effects of the drug and downplay or deny any negative effects. These sites frequently explain and use drug terminology and slang, thereby further acclimating visitors to drug culture. Many Internet sites mislead visitors by explaining how to use drugs, implying that if the drugs are used properly (by following the instructions provided) they pose no risk to the user. In addition, there are sites that advise visitors about how to use readily available products, such as cold medications, in order to obtain euphoric effects.

According to the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), early in 2000, authorities in Great Britain and Northern Ireland identified over 1,000 worldwide Internet sites offering to sell illicit drugs, mostly cannabis, but also cocaine, and heroin. This is in direct violation of international drug control treaties. The Netherlands and Switzerland have the highest number of such sites, although individuals in the United States also sell illicit drugs via the Internet.

Most Common Drug Types on the Internet
Marijuana appears to be the most common drug promoted on the Internet, and information regarding its cultivation, use, and sale is widely available.

Same goes for Heroin. Most information available on the Internet about heroin use concerns either snorting or injecting, with injecting being the method most endorsed. Heroin, which is dangerously addictive and, in some cases, deadly, is promoted as a drug used at raves to "come down" from the effects of some hard drugs and to provide relief from stress and physical pain.

Pornography
The internet provides a wealth of information, but not all the information is edifying or wise. Much of it is downright silly, but some of it is actually dangerous. Fortunately, you don't have to worry that you'll turn on your computer and a pornographic picture will fall out of your monitor into your home; however, porn pushers are getting increasingly aggressive in finding ways to send their pictures to unsuspecting people, often children.

The key to protecting our children from online pornography is the same way we protect them from printed pornography: parental vigilance. Parents need to know what their children are doing at the computer, which is why it's wise to keep the family computer in a public place. And it's also wise to become computer and internet literate ourselves.

Just having a filtering program isn't enough. Some programs work so poorly that they're actually worse than nothing at all because they give a false sense of security. Not all filtering software is created equal! Nothing will ever take the place of parental involvement and vigilance, and that will always need to be our first line of defense.

Parents, Teachers and Guardians should be aware of the dangers of the internet, while desiring young people to have access to the incredible resources it offers. It's essential that parents check on the policies of both their children's schools and the local Internet Cafes, which often provide unfiltered access to both adults and children.

DATA
Various statistics show that in 1998, there were 28,000 X- rated websites, generating 925 million dollars in revenue. In 2001, there were 280,000 X- rated websites, generating over 20 billion dollars in revenue. (Source- Wall Street Journal, Monday, Nov 26, 2001.)

	There are 1.3 million porn websites (N2H2, 9/23/03)
	The adult-film industry is bigger than ever, making some 6,000 movies a year and grossing more than $4 billion - roughly as much as the National Football League (New York Post, Russell Scott Smith, 9/25/03).
	More than 32 million unique individuals visited a porn site in Sept. of 2003. Nearly 22.8 million of them were male (71 percent), while 9.4 million adult site visitors were female (29 percent) (Nielsen/Net Ratings, Sept. 2003).
	Pornographic web pages now top 260 million and growing at an unprecedented rate (N2H2, 9/23/03).
	N2H2's database contained 14 million identified pages of pornography in 1998, so the growth to 260 million represents an almost 20-fold increase in just five years (N2H2, 9/23/03).

The total porn industry - estimates from $4 billion to $10 billion (National Research Council Report, 2002).

Pornographers 'disguise' their sites with common brand names and misspellings designed to "entrap" people. (Ex: ESPN, Disney, and White House.) (Source-surveillance study, March 1999.)

Pornography in many forms is invading people's homes and is available 24 hrs a day. In a short period of time, the Internet has become the most exploited instrument of perversion known to man. 51% of Pastors say Internet pornography is a possible temptation. 37% say it is a current struggle. (Christianity Today, Leadership survey, Dec 2001.) 4 in 10 pastors have visited a porn website.

Internet pornography comes from many nations outside the US, where there are no limitations on obscenity. It's like pumping raw sewage right into our homes.

FACT: Pornography is physically more addicting than cocaine and 'imprints' the mind with images. Overcoming pornography addiction takes years, and will affect you and everyone around you, the rest of your life.

The Internet would not be able to sell this product if the craving and temptation didn't already exist. Protect yourself, your families, your marriage, and your testimony.

A study by Focus on the Family, shows 1 in 5 adults, 20%, which is nearly 40 million people, have visited a sexually oriented web site.

Prevention: Pornography addiction and the destruction it causes can be prevented by recognizing the dangers, (As stated above) and taking immediate action. You never know when temptation will strike. Be accountable in all of your Internet activity. Protect yourself, your children, your family, and your marriage.

ONLINE DATING
The Internet is a threat not only to young people, but also to adults. There have been reports on partners who emotionally or physically abandoned their families after meeting people through the Internet. Those who have never developed a relationship with someone who lives on the other side of a screen and a telephone line have a hard time understanding how such a thing could happen, but there is an electric thrill in the immediacy of computer communication, as if a radio personality suddenly started conversing with you through your radio.

The dynamics of computer conversation are vastly different from face-to-face discussion. There is no non-verbal element, which comprises 93% of our communication. When body language and tone of voice are missing, and words are all you have to work with, words become much more important. And words, especially those of a direct and personal nature, are very powerful. But words on a screen are enough to allow friendships to sprout up quickly and mature under the right circumstances. Many people count their online friends, some of whom they've never met, as among their most cherished relationships. And many Christians are grateful for the depth of fellowship with other believers they have found through the computer.

However, it's important to understand how online relationships differ from those in the "real world." Because we have very limited information about the people we communicate with, we project our preconceptions and fantasies onto them, quite unconsciously.

Women are especially vulnerable in online communication for two reasons: first, because God made them verbal creatures, and they respond deeply to words. And words are everything in cyberspace. Secondly, women are vulnerable because of the pervasive loneliness in our culture. Even those in marriages and families experience unmet needs for attention, warmth, and interaction. Many women are starving for romance, and any attention from a man can feel like the romance they're starving for. When a woman receives focused attention from a man who is listening to her heart as well as her words, it can feel like the romance God designed her to receive, and that's why a frightening number of women become infatuated with men they've never even laid eyes on, although this happens to men as well. The word of God tells us to guard our hearts (Proverbs 4:23), and this is wise advice for all online communications and relationships.

Two short online-romance stories: He knew her by her screen name--Mzdkalf. She knew him, by his handle--Chrlskem. They had never seen each other or heard the other. But from their first meeting on the Internet, they knew they were kindred souls. "I could relate to what she was saying about everything," says Charles Kemp, 50, a Mississippi author and retired army veteran who met his match through an on-line ad. "A lot of things she was saying were the same feelings I had. When I talked to her on the Internet that first time, I said, `I ain't letting her get away."

Kemp and Alabama telecommunications worker Deborah K. Alford Kemp stayed on-line that night from 8 p.m. until 3 a.m. They disconnected for just a few moments to call each other on the phone. The pair swapped stories until Deborah's son went to school that morning. Two days later, Kemp came to visit. Two weeks later, they wed.

2. "We could not turn each other loose on the phone, on the computer in person," says Deborah, a 39-year-old who works for Bell South. "We began thinking, `How could we stay in each other's lives?' He said, `Do you wanna get married tonight?' I said, `No ... but I'm off Tuesday.' We were married that day in Alabama, just the two of us and the justice of the peace."

YOUR MONEY and THE NET

Use of the web as a venue for commercial enterprise is growing daily; there are tens-of-thousands of places and ways and things upon which to spend your money. Money, however, always attracts crooks, and the Internet is no exception. Today in Nigeria, there are Credit Cards Marts all over the place for those who are interested in buying goods online without having to worry about exchanging their Naira to the Dollar. The following are precautions for your consideration when using the net to conduct transactions:

Never transmit credit card numbers, financial institution data, or personally identifiable account information via the net in "forms" or by other means unless you are confident of both the legitimacy of the business/site and the recipient's ability to provide a secure link for the transaction.

Look at the link for any site where you intend to shop; make sure the site you are visiting is the real site of the vendor with which you wish to do business.

Beware of "get-rich-quick" opportunities. The adage "If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is" applies to the Internet. Probably the only people who will "get-rich-quick" are those sponsoring the scheme or selling the plan/offering/program.
Ignore and delete spam e-mail offers to make money fast. If it's unsolicited e-mail offering you the "opportunity of a lifetime" — it's spam, and often "scam". Just delete spam without reading.

"DO NOT send "remove" messages to a spammer. It simply validates your E-Mail address for future spammings."

Many people who send unsolicited commercial email (UCE) act very apologetic about taking your time or clogging your in-box. They include specific instructions on how to unsubscribe from their list. What you're really doing if you send an unsubscribe message is notifying them that you exist - and they will send you more spam...lots more! Don't fall for their ploy and try to "unsubscribe". Resist the urge. Just delete the email.

Are these scary? May be not enough. However, there sure are very serious dangers out there all the same. What do we do then?

WHAT DO WE DO THEN?
What do Christian parents or youth Ministers do? Do they take advantage of this new medium that can go beyond political boundaries and share the gospel with those that have never heard before? Or do we simply turn the computer off because all media comes from the world and the world is inherently evil?

Before you begin throwing all the church's computers out the window, wait a minute. The computer or the Internet or the World Wide Web is no more evil than the newspaper, the television, movies, books, or magazines. All such tools can be used for good or bad.

Technology is indeed a wonderful tool. It is something that makes our lives easier. It is something that provides us with more freedom and privileges. But whenever one encounters freedom and privileges, it must be balanced by responsibility. There is indeed a need and a place for technology in youth ministry and beyond.

REPLACEMENTgFACTOR
Craig Canton, a Minister of Students in Texas, has a unique part of his youth home page called The SIDEroom. (SIDE stands for Student Interactive Discussion Exchange.) The SIDEroom is an interactive bulletin board where students and adult leaders can post prayer requests, questions, announcements, and questionnaires and polls. Canton states: “I originally wanted a chat room for the youth but . . . we opted for the bulletin board." Regarding participation he states that "It often just takes an announcement during one of our meetings ('hey, there's a new thought or announcement in the SIDEroom, go check it out tonight when you get home . . .')." Craig also shares that "It has been a great tool for ministering to those who have Internet access. Sharing announcements, devotional thoughts, and questions, polls, etc. have been a plus."

In a way, Mr. Canton achieved more than his original intensions. There is a simple method of getting kids do what we want them do effortlessly which is an aspect of the well known replacement factor. It works so well you’d be surprised. A crawling baby picks up a razor from the floor. Out of impulse, the first thing most Moms would do is find a way of wrestling the razor out of the baby. In the first instance, why does this Mom want her baby drop the razor? Out of love, she doesn’t want her baby hurt. When Mom wrestles the razor out of the baby’s keep, she hasn’t only terrified, but also has HURT the baby, emotionally and perhaps, physically too. How do we eat our cake and have it both at once. That’s to say, how do we keep our baby out of the “danger” of the razor and not hurt her?

This can happen by simply placing, say a teddy bear close enough to the baby and before you know it, the baby willingly drops the razor and race to get the teddy bear. That’s replacement factor of sort. This way, Mom is happy, so is her baby.

Craig Canton’s SIDEroom example is a positive way of pre-occupying our kids while on the Internet thereby reducing or eliminating the chances they get mischievous. PLUS, they also stay current with the state of the art tech without feeling inadequate amongst their peers.

Outlook
We all should be aware of both the positive and negative impacts of this powerful medium on the youth: Parents, law enforcement officials, drug treatment providers, and others who interact with adolescents and young adults who are or may possibly become involved with drugs should understand the potential for misuse of the Internet so that they can effectively and proactively address this issue.

YOUR SAFETY ON THE NET
Whether you are meeting people through web links and sites, commercial dial-up services, commercial or free chat lines, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channels, online dating services, newsgroups, or in other ways, you should be aware of the possible dangers of interaction whenditdturnsqinqaapersonalqdirection. You may be leading yourself into an unknown danger and you’d have only yourself to blame. n n n n

While danger from such links may not be readily apparent, consider that the persons with whom you are communicating:

May not be anything like they describe themselves, and may not even be the gender they claim.
May not be providing their real name or personal information, and may be using someone else's account or even a "hacked" account.
May not be located where they say; the individual whom you believe to be on the other side of the country or overseas may be two blocks away.

Tips For Your Safety
Here are some basic personal safety tips you should consider whenever participating in Internet communication, particularly of a personal nature:

Avoid giving out personal information such as your home address or telephone number to people you meet on the net; not everyone is what they seem. There are predators out there, but they won't look like wolves; they'll be disguised as sheep.
Exercise caution when agreeing to meet anyone in person whom you've met on the net.

The net is very much like your community; the majority of the folks are good people who do their best to obey the rules and behave responsibly. But, also very much as in your community, there are potential offenders mixed in the population. Observe the same precautions on the net as you do in everyday life; be aware of the possibilities, and take appropriate steps to avoid situations you know are dangerous.

Responsibility
Dr Carey, Archbishop of Canterbury, speaking on the theme of Christianity and citizenship, told his audience we were all citizens of the world. And membership of the global community brought with it a very real set of obligations and responsibilities.
"But globalization is not only a physical reality; it is also a virtual one. I mean of course the exponential growth of information technology, especially as manifested by the internet."
"Increasingly, we are not only citizens of the world but also citizens of the worldwide web."

Caution
Dr Carey said the access to information and the ability to tap resources not otherwise available, which were offered by the web, could be a potent tool of empowerment. But there is a downside too.

george carey "We must be sure that the virtual community is at the service of real communities, not a substitute for them. It must be a tool for inclusion, not a weapon of exclusion."

But Dr Carey’s staff insists that he is not opposed in principle to the achievements of science and technology, but concerned only to see that they are properly used.

A spokeswoman for Dr Carey told BBC News Online: "He is himself a keen browser of the net, and one of the first here at Lambeth Palace to use a new technology." "But he is always aware of its potential to curtail conversation."

The Bishop is in the Basement
I'd like to end this bit in two ways: the first in a very light mood, and please don't take this personal, let's see if there is any lesson we can derive from it. One of the great things you can look up from time to time on the Internet are jokes. Fortunately, there are tons of Christian jokes out there, so you don’t have to worry about obscenity and violence. This one is about the Bishop.

The overall lesson: I appeal to every one of us to show kindness to the needy and there are only two categories of them. Those that lack earthly material things and those that lack heavenly spiritual attributes. The “kindness” doesn’t therefore stop at helping to empower people with earthly materials but also, and

more critically leading them to know the Master and getting them heaven-bound. It is our COMMISSION as Christians, the Lord commands it. You will by so earn yourself a closer place at the feet of Jesus.

MONDEX The second and final way to end this discussion is by sharing with you what some of us may have already seen or heard about. It continues to give me concern and I hope it does same to you enough to share it at every opportunity. A POWER POINT Video it is. Watch out for what it’s called.

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